The History of the Boston Massacre Free Essays

I was interested in the Boston Massacre and found many testimonies and other primary resources there. However, as I read through I was intrigued by a comment in my readings about Captain Thomas Preston’s â€Å"London Letter†. In Preston’s letter to London, he intended only Londoners to read it and when the article was later published in the Boston Gazette it added annoyance to the already frustrated public in Boston. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Boston Massacre or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was now, intrigued and determined to find Captain Preston’s newspaper article. I, then, asked for help from the research and technology desk. They guided me through the library database to find a website called American Historical Newspapers. They had many articles from 1700-1850 and I was able to find the actual article, with Captain Preston’s recollection of the â€Å"unhappy affair† (Preston’s quote), posted in the Boston Gazette from June 25th 1770, as well as, the original letter to London first published, in April 28th, in the London newspaper the Essex Gazette. Originally this article was a letter sent by Captain Thomas Preston, to London intended for â€Å"His Majesty† the king. The letter was delivered to the Essex Gazette, a London newspaper, and printed in April 28th 1770. Captain Preston produced this account of what came to be known as the Boston Massacre, after being jailed and accused of ordering his men to â€Å"fire on a crowd of angry townspeople†. Two months later, (the amount of time it takes to get to America from London by ship) the Boston Gazette published Captain Preston’s article under the headline, â€Å"A Narrative of the Late Transactions at Boston. † During the trial of Captain Preston and his soldiers, copies of â€Å"A Narrative of the Late Transactions at Boston† began to circulate around Boston and surrounding areas. Captain Preston’s descriptions of the events were biased and unsympathetic to the townspeople, painting a picture of the soldiers trying to do their job and the townspeople not abiding and being â€Å"unruly† and â€Å"abusive†. Captain Preston declares that leading up to the incident the townspeople had increasingly â€Å"provoked and abused the soldiers†. Furthermore, Preston explains that an informant had warned him that there was a â€Å"mob† of angry townspeople that were planning to storm his soldier’s barracks â€Å"carry off a soldier and murder him†. Preston goes so far as to pin the guilt of giving the order to shoot by yelling â€Å"fire, fire† on members of the â€Å"unruly mob† and assures the reader that he was yelling â€Å"don’t fire†. Captain Preston never deviates from the staunch defense of his innocence and the threat to himself and his soldier’s lives throughout his entire narrative. Preston’s article being published in the Essex Gazette reveals that he is attempting to rally support for his innocence, from not only the king but all of London too. When the Boston Gazette printed the article they did not change the words of Captain Preston’s letter to London. They instead must have realized their audience, the Boston public, would receive Captain Preston’s description of the events much differently than the king or the people of London did. However, the Boston Gazette editor does put a negative introduction of the article at the top of Captain Preston’s letter to London, stating â€Å"how greatly the conduct of the town has been misrepresented. † This quote reveals the stark contrast of interpretation of the letter between the king of England and the Boston public. Both newspapers print the same article but have two completely different audiences with two completely different opinions of the need for British troops in Boston. The American Promise text, uses a more comprehensive approach when explaining the events of the Boston Massacre. The text gives more information about the transactions between the Bostonians and the soldiers leading up to the bloodshed on March 5th, 1770. For example, the soldiers are explained as â€Å"grating on the nerves of the Bostonians† by conducting drills on the town Common and â€Å"playing loud music on the Sabbath†, a day of rest and contemplation for the townspeople. Furthermore, during this time, colonists were beginning to assert their independence from England by boycotting trade with the Nonconsumption Agreements in 1768 and the Virginia Resolves in 1765. This period of time in the colonies is glutted with conflict between the uncompromising rule of the monarchy of England and the desire for representation and independence of the colonies. These two aforementioned Captain Preston’s recollection of the events were, like all peoples point of view, biased and sympathetic to oneself. The Bostonians had a contrasting interpretation of the events. And the textbook seems to collect all of these opinions and present them the best that it can. By reading Captain Preston’s primary document about the Boston Massacre, one can get a deeper understanding of what his emotional response was to the events. Reading someone’s opinion of an event draws the reader into the author’s point of view for a few moments and allows one to begin to understand what it must have felt like for the author. Primary documents have are a great way to step back in time and look at the world through someone else’s eyes. Someone who has grown up in a different place with different rules and standards. How to cite The History of the Boston Massacre, Essay examples

Proposal For A Senior Employment Agency Essay Example For Students

Proposal For A Senior Employment Agency Essay PROPOSAL FOR A SENIOR EMPLOYMENT AGENCY BY COLORADO SPRINGS EMPLOYMENT INC. INTRODUCTION Grants Request Document Type: National Aging Grant Funding Opportunity Number: HHS-2010-AOA-SL-1007 Opportunity Category: Title IV Discretionary Projects Funding Instrument Type: Cooperative Agreement Expected Number of Awards: 7 Estimated Total Program Funding: 7 Award Ceiling: $100,000 Award Floor: $100,000 Grant Application Due Date: April 21, 2010 Grant Proposal Three page description including the following information: Senior employment agency details of funds requested Detail need for service Expected impact of senior employment in the area Stated goals and objectives Timeline for program Required organization information Amount needed for project Company business plan Goals and vision Proposed training and services Complete contact information Copy of IRS 501 non-profit verification Proposed Financial Information Projected operating cost Detailed budget Elderly unemployment estimated annual cost Summarize the benefits to seniors in the community Effect on the Aging Network Emphasis methods to improve senior employment Explain success measurement for the project Object of the Proposal There is an extensive need for a senior employment agency in the Colorado Springs area. The objective of this proposal was to gain insight on the practices of local competitors and specialized service requirements, and also to recommend prospective business sites. Applied Research Techniques The methodology used in this proposal was to study and analyze Age Discrimination Laws and the need for a senior employment agency in Colorado Spring. . rks Cited Age Discrimination. US EEOC Home Page, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Ansberry, Clare. Elderly Emerge as a New Class of Workers and the Jobless. Wall Street Journal 9 Feb. 2009. Print. Colorado State Unit on Aging Senior Community Services Employment Program. n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Delaney, Arthur. AARP Launches Massive Job Fair Project for Older Unemployed. Huffington Post. Arthur Delaney, 16 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. El Paso County Land Development Code. n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Funding Opportunities. Administration on Aging. Government Grants. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. Laid Off or Displaced? Get Help: AARP. AARP: Health, Travel, Baby Boomers, Elections, Financial Planning, Family, Games, Volunteer, Retirement, Discounts, Seniors. Feb. 2009. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. OASAM. The U.S. Department of Labor Home Page. n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2010.

Communication Systems Essay Example For Students

Communication Systems Essay COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSBarriers to Human Communication,XLanguage,XDistanceElectronic CommunicationsThe transmission, reception, and processing of information using electronic circuits. Historymid-19th century V James Clark Maxwell studied electromagnetic wave and predicted that it can be propagated through free space. 1837 V Samuel Morse invented the telegraph. 1876 V Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson transmitted human conversation over a functional telephone system. 1888 V Heinrich Hertz radiated electromagnetic energy from a machine he called oscillator. 1894 V Guglielmo Marconi was the first to accomplish wireless transmission. 1908 V Lee DeForest invented the triode vacuum tube. 1933 V Major Howard Armstrong invented frequency modulation. 1948 V William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen invented the transistor. Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic SpectrumThe entire range of frequency. FrequencyThe number of times an alternating current goes through its complete cycle per second is known as its frequency. The international unit of measurement of frequency is hertz, abbreviated Hz. The English unit is cycles per second, abbreviated cps (1 Hz = 1 cps). It is rarely used. To simplify terminology, 1000 Hz is called kilohertz, abbreviated kHz, and 1000000 Hz is called a megahertz, abbreviated MHz. The vibration rate of sound waves in air may also use the term frequency. When middle C is played on a musical instrument, for example, an air disturbance with a frequency of 262 Hz is set up. The lowest tone that can be heard by human beings is about 15 Hz. The highest audible, audio, or sonic tones are usually 12 to 22 kHz (22 kHz for youngsters, 12 kHz for seniors). A microphone is a device or transducer that can change sound waves in air to an equivalent-frequency ac in wires. Frequencies that produce sound waves audible to humans are said to be audio frequencies (AF). Frequencies that can be fed to antennas and will radiate electromagnetic and electrostatic waves in space are considered to be radio frequencies (RF). FCC Band Designations Frequency RangeDesignations30 V 300 HzELF (Extremely Low Frequencies)0.3 V 3 kHzVF (Voice Frequencies)3 V 30 kHzVLF (Very Low Frequencies)30 V 300 kHzLF (Low Frequencies)0.3 V 3 MHzMF (Medium Frequencies)3 V 30 MHzHF (High Frequencies)30 V 300 MHzVHF (Very High Frequencies)0.3 V 3 GHzUHF (Ultra High Frequencies)3 V 30 GHzSHF (Super High Frequencies)30 V 300 GHzEHF (Extremely High Frequencies)0.3 V 3 THzInfrared 3 V 30 THzInfrared 30 V 300 THzInfrared 0.3 V 3 PHzVisible Light3 V 30 PHzUltraviolet 30 V 300 PHzX-rays0.3 V 3 EHzGamma rays3 V 30 EHzCosmic rays, FCC stands for Federal Communications Commission Wavelength, U The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave occupies in space, also, the distance between simila r points in a repetitive wave. wherek= velocity factor (equal to 1 in free space)c= velocity of light in free space= 299793000 m/s ,l 3 ,e 108 m/sf= frequency@ high frequencies, wavelength is too short and is usually expressed as Angstrom. Bandwidth and Information CapacityLimitations of Communication Systems,Xnoise,XbandwidthBandwidth, BWunit:Hz (Hertz)A portion of electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a system. Minimum range of frequencies required propagating the source information through the system. must be sufficiently large (wide) to pass all significant information frequencies. difference between the upper and lower limit frequencies. Information CapacityA measure of how much source information can be carried through the system in a given period of time. Hartleys LawInformation Capacity N Bandwidth ,e timeSignal AnalysisFactors Affecting the Signal,XDistortion V signal alteration due to imperfect response of the system to the desired signal. ,XInterference V contamination of extraneous signal usually man-made to a form similar to the desired signal. ,XNoise V random, undesirable high frequency spikes. ,XAttenuation V decrease in signal level. Types of Signals,XBaseband Signal,XModulated SignalTypes of Intelligence Transmitted,XAnalog ,XDigitalAdvantages of Digital Over Analog,Xeasier to multiplex,Ximproved noise immunity,Xbetter performance,Xeasier to interfaceDisadvantages of Digital Over Analog,Xneed for large (wide) bandwidth,Xneed for synchronization,Xneed for additional equipment,Xrestriction to wired topologyKinds of Signal Representations,XTime-Domain V amplitude vs. time,XFrequency-Domain V amplitude vs. frequencyClassifications of Signals:According to Period,XPeriodic V signals that keep on repeating at a regular interval. Autism: Educational and Social Effects EssayResults of Noise,Xhiss/static,Xsnow/confetti,Xbit errors,Xsignal lossKinds of NoiseCorrelated Noise V mutually related to the signal and cannot be present in a circuit unless there is an input signal and is produced by nonlinear amplification. No signal, no noise!Harmonic Distortion V unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced. Intermodulation Distortion V the generation of unwanted sum and difference frequencies (cross products) when two or more signals are amplified in a nonlinear device. Uncorrelated Noise V present regardless of whether there is a signal present or not. Kind of Uncorrelated NoiseExternal Noise V generated outside the device or circuit. Atmospheric Noise V naturally occurring electrical disturbances that originate within the earths atmosphere. Extraterrestrial Noise V consists of electrical signals that originate from outside Earths atmosphere. Solar Noise V directly from the suns heat. Cosmic Noise V from the stars. Man-made Noise V produced by manufactured equipment, such as automotive ignition systems, electric motors and generators. Internal Noise V generated within a device or circuit. Shot Noise V caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes and electrons) at the output element of an electronic device. Transit-Time Noise V shows up as a kind of random noise within the device and is directly proportional to the frequency of operation. Thermal Noise V associated with the rapid and random movement of electrons within a conductor due to thermal agitation. Noise ComputationsNoise Powerthe average noise power is proportional to the absolute temperature of the conductor and to the bandwidth or spectrum of the thermal noise. wherePN= noise power (W)T= Temperature of the conductor (K)B= bandwidth of the noise spectrum (Hz)k= Boltzmanns Constant = Noise VoltagewhereVN= rms noise voltageT= Temperature of the conductor (K)B= bandwidth of the noise spectrum (Hz)k= Boltzmanns Constant = R= equivalent resistance generating the noisefor combinations of resistancesSeries Parallel Power Spectrum Density or Noise Density,Xaverage noise power per Hertz of bandwidth,Xa figure that determines the amount of noise contained in a specified bandwidth. Signal-to-Noise Ratio,Xa relative measure of the desired signal power to the noise power. In decibel form:wherePS= signal powerPN= noise powerVS= signal voltage VN= noise voltage Noise FactorwhereSi= input signal powerNi= input noise powerSo= output signal powerNo= output noise powerNoise Figurefor ideal noiseless networkfor a network that contributes noiseReactance Noise Effects,Xthe significant effect of reactive circuits on noise is their limitation on frequency response. ,Xthe equivalent bandwidth to be used in noise calculations with reactive circuits iswhereB3dB= half power bandwidth Equivalent Noise TemperaturewhereTeq= equivalent noise temperature To= reference absolute temperature = 290 KF= noise factorNoise Due to Amplifiers in CascadeFriiss FormulaOver-all noise factor of n stagesOver-all noise temperature of n stagesOver-all noise resistancewhereA= voltage gain (ratio)G= power gain (ratio)Shot Noise,Xa form of internal noise, which is due to the random variations in current flow in active devices such as tubes, transistors and diodes. WhereiN= rms noise currentq= charge of an electron = B= bandwidth over which the noise is observed I= dc bias current in the deviceProblems:1.What is the shot noise current for a diode with a forward bias of 1.15 mA over a 50-kHz bandwidth?2.An amplifier operating over the frequency range of 455 kHz to 460 kHz has a 200 kC input resistance. What is the rms noise voltage at the input to the amplifier if the ambient temperature is 17XC?3.Two resistors, 5 kC and 20 kC are at 27XC. Calculate the thermal noise power and voltage for a 10 kHz bandwidth. a) for each resistor, b) for their series combination, and c) for their parallel combination. 4.Three matched amplifiers are available to amplify a low level signal, they have the following characteristics. AmplifierPower GainNoise FactorA6 dB1.5B12 dB2C20 dB4The amplifiers are to be connected in cascade. Calculate the lowest overall noise factor obtainable noting the order in which the amplifiers must be connected.

Alfred Hitchcock A Master of Duality free essay sample

An analysis of two Hitchcock films, Vertigo and Psycho. This paper discusses the films, Vertigo and Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock portraying Hitchcocks penchant for duality. The writer explains how Hitchcock makes clear that the essence of suspense is the permanent struggle between the obvious and what could be. The paper illustrates the duality evident in Vertigo the struggle between life and death; and that in Psycho the evaluation of openness and mystery. For many, the name Alfred Hitchcock conjures hazy and disconnected memories of Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman in Rio, Tippi Hedren being chased by killer birds, or Jimmy Stewart in a wheelchair; but for others those that are somewhat more experienced with the work of Hitchcock the utterance of his moniker means much more. Indeed, many consider Hitchcock to be not only one of the most prolific and entertaining filmmakers, but also one of the most profound. A recurring and certainly intriguing motif that holds together his body of work is his incessant interest and portrayal of duality: the conflicting, yet in some ways similar, nature of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Alfred Hitchcock: A Master of Duality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is to say, Hitchcock (and no other, on as prestigious a level) was able to brilliantly compare, reduce, and then reevaluate polar opposites that every human encounters. Love or hate, man or woman, privacy or voyeurism, and dishonesty or fidelity were just some of the many themes he unraveled in the stories and aesthetics of his films. Two such films with particular interest as each illustrates by movement, mise-en-scen, and narrative strategy, Hitchcocks penchant for duality are Vertigo, in which he juxtaposes the archetypal struggle between life and death, and Psycho, where he dabbles in the much more complex evaluation of openness and mystery.

Free Essays on Women & Spirituality

Feminist Spirituality & Goddess Religion: Then & Now in The United States Thousands of years ago, the Goddess was viewed as an autonomous entity worthy of respect from men and women alike. Because of societal changes caused by Eastern influence, a patriarchial system conquered all aspects of life including religion. â€Å"Furthermore, most feminists interested in goddesses are women who strongly reject western patriarchal theology†(Culpepper 51). Thus, there was this very strong feminist idea of women being the prime in the early part of the 17th and the 18th century. Today, the loss of a strong female presence in Judeo-Christian beliefs has prompted believers to look to other sources that celebrate the role of women. Men and women have increasingly embraced goddess religion and feminist spirituality as an alternative to the patriarchy found in traditional biblical religion of the past and the present. In this paper, I would like to discuss this whole issue of the uprising of women spirituality in the United States and also the formation of these so called Goddess Religions, and the ways in which these religions are changing the face of American societal believes. My argument will be supporting the central theme of the movie ‘Women & Spirituality: A Full Circle’, the one that was featured in the lecture. I would like to discuss the main ideas on which this religion is based, the way in which it has come back a full circle and also its adjusting to this modern American society full of many other religions having different ideologies. Within a few thousand years the first recognizable human society developed worship of the ‘Great Goddess’ or ‘Great Mother’. For these people, deity was female. The importance of fertility in crops, domesticated animals, wild animals and in the tribe itself was of paramount importance to their survival. Thus, the Female life-giving principle was considered divine and an enigma. This culture... Free Essays on Women & Spirituality Free Essays on Women & Spirituality Feminist Spirituality & Goddess Religion: Then & Now in The United States Thousands of years ago, the Goddess was viewed as an autonomous entity worthy of respect from men and women alike. Because of societal changes caused by Eastern influence, a patriarchial system conquered all aspects of life including religion. â€Å"Furthermore, most feminists interested in goddesses are women who strongly reject western patriarchal theology†(Culpepper 51). Thus, there was this very strong feminist idea of women being the prime in the early part of the 17th and the 18th century. Today, the loss of a strong female presence in Judeo-Christian beliefs has prompted believers to look to other sources that celebrate the role of women. Men and women have increasingly embraced goddess religion and feminist spirituality as an alternative to the patriarchy found in traditional biblical religion of the past and the present. In this paper, I would like to discuss this whole issue of the uprising of women spirituality in the United States and also the formation of these so called Goddess Religions, and the ways in which these religions are changing the face of American societal believes. My argument will be supporting the central theme of the movie ‘Women & Spirituality: A Full Circle’, the one that was featured in the lecture. I would like to discuss the main ideas on which this religion is based, the way in which it has come back a full circle and also its adjusting to this modern American society full of many other religions having different ideologies. Within a few thousand years the first recognizable human society developed worship of the ‘Great Goddess’ or ‘Great Mother’. For these people, deity was female. The importance of fertility in crops, domesticated animals, wild animals and in the tribe itself was of paramount importance to their survival. Thus, the Female life-giving principle was considered divine and an enigma. This culture...

The Climate Change Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Climate Change Bill - Essay Example The IPCC’s primary goal is to coordinate international commitment toward a formulation of strategies aimed at managing the issues that give rise to climate changes.4 This paper critically examines the UK’s Climate Change Bill and whether or not it effectively responds to the issues created by virtue of climate change. The IPCC organized sufficient interest in the dangers posed by climate change to compel the UN’s General Assembly to take the challenge a step further. The result was the organization of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee which formed the basis for a number of Earth Summits from 1991 to the present.5 There are approximately 200 countries, including the UK that make up the resulting United Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC).6 The definition of climate change can be gleaned from the primary goal of the UNFCC which is as follows: ...a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.8 Since the word anthropogenic in Article 2 of the UNFCC refers to human activity and Article 1 speaks directly to the impact of human activity on climate changes, the UK’s Climate Bill understandably seeks to regulate and modify human conduct. The focus is therefore on that aspect of human activity and conduct that creates the greatest challenges for the environment with respect to climate changes. As gleaned from Article 2 of the UNFCC, gas emissions was identified as the catalyst for climate change. It, therefore, follows that the UK’s Climate Change Bill would concentrate its efforts in that area. In a speech on the Climate Change Bill by Member of Parliament, the Right Honourable Hilary Benn, the MP noted the extent to which individual and collective responsibility is necessary to circumvent the harsh realities of climate change.  

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment 5 - Essay Example â€Å"Bullwhip effect describes how inaccurate information, a lack of transparency throughout the supply chain, and disconnect between production and real-time supply chain information result in lost revenue, bad customer service, high inventory levels and unrealized profits† (Paritosh Agarwal, 2009). The Bullwhip effect can be minimized by studying the drivers of demand and supply patterns. Moreover, companies should try to reduce the cycle time, ensure smooth and quick flow of information and take corrective actions to reduce the impacts of price fluctuations, inaccurate demand forecasts and order batching. Question 2: explain why Volvo manufacturing department believed that customers had started to like green cars in the mid 1990’s. Answer: the demand and supply variations at Volvo resulted in huge stocks of unsold green cars. The overproduction of cars can have a potential impact on unrealized revenues and excessive cost for storing the cars. Therefore, the company planned to offer incentives in order to increase the demand of green cars. On one hand the company was successfully able to sell the excess stock which resulted in the revenue realization of the green cars. However, the production department misinterpreted the sales record and started ordering excessive raw materials in order to produce more cars. This inaccurate assessment of the situation can have a multiplier effect on the profits and production capacity. In future, the company will again have to offer some incentives and attractive deals to deal with the overproduction of cars which will not only reduce the profit margins but it will also lead to increased workload and decline in quality caused by 100% capacity utilization. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT WAL-MART. Question 3: Discuss how the Bullwhip effect can be reduced. Explain how Wal-Mart uses IT to reduce the Bullwhip Effect. Answer: the Bullwhip effect can be controlled by accurately forecasting demand by gathering the real-t ime information, which can be acquired by working closely with suppliers and distributors. The regular flow of information combined with the proper management of sales and inventory growth can be helpful in attaining the proposed financial results. From a different perspective, all the parties involved in the supply-chain management process are mutually dependent on each other and they can significantly influence the rest of the industry players with their actions. Therefore suppliers, distributors, production department and customer relationship department should work in coordination with each other in order to improve the business-customers sales record. Apart from this, organizations should try to improve the downstream communication by using the point of sales (POS) data collection method and vendor-managed inventories (VOI) so that demand is not over/under estimated. Also, price fluctuations caused by various discount offers can create variability in demand; therefore, every da y low price (EDLP) should be used to keep the prices stable. Moreover, cycle time should be reduced to make the availability of the product faster and easier and â€Å"order capacity reservations† could be used by production department so that the retailers reserve a specific quantity of items to be purchased in a given time frame which will help to keep the distributor’